Table IV-6 Estimates of Gender Difference in Mathematics Achievement of Total Students

Fixed Effects	Chinese Taipei		Hong Kong SAR		Japan		Korea		Singapore
	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE
Intercept	601.029***	1.746	594.545***	5.954	582.545***	1.421	604.768***	1.546	621.854***	1.857
Student-Level
Gender	−9.721***	1.565	−3.252	1.920	−4.815**	1.374	−6.760***	1.389	−11.262***	1.627
Science Achievement	0.852***	0.027	0.554***	0.033	0.786***	0.025	0.740***	0.021	0.681***	0.023
Home Edu Resources	0.766	0.625	−0.845	0.647	4.156***	0.639	2.313***	0.525	−0.269	0.436
Like Math	4.046**	0.850	4.159***	0.781	1.612*	0.742	2.859***	0.740	4.441***	0.509
Engaging Teaching	−1.926**	0.548	−1.162*	0.547	−2.857**	0.755	−2.684***	0.561	−0.950	0.509
Confidence in Math	8.310***	0.712	6.499***	0.472	9.955***	0.778	11.208***	0.620	5.565***	0.410
Value Math	−0.086	0.563	0.131	0.522	1.012	0.638	1.483*	0.625	−1.835***	0.433
School-Level
Emp on Acad Success	2.353***	0.543	5.558**	1.699	4.768***	1.056	2.679***	0.504	2.954***	0.787
Discipline Problem	0.557	0.645	4.086*	2.059	0.466	0.816	−1.060*	0.416	1.653	0.866
Location	8.616***	2.007	−7.653	6.572	13.265***	2.958	5.279**	1.851	−	−
Random Effects
Between Students	1792.063		1485.928		2069.737		2042.137		1286.645
Between Schools	103.194***		869.514***		164.089***		34.900***		153.701***
ICC	0.054		0.369		0.073		0.017		0.107
Variance Explained (%)
Between Students	75.36		49.54		68.37		69.17		61.32
Between Schools	94.77		76.94		87.46		94.54		95.79

p<.001,
p<.01,
p<.05